Unraveling the Threads: Race, Gender and Sexuality & Homelessness
Understanding the complexities of homelessness requires an exploration of the interconnected threads that shape the fabric of our lives. Social determinants of health, as defined by the American Medical Association, encompass the community-wide conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. Among these determinants, race, gender, and sexuality play pivotal roles in shaping housing outcomes.
Understanding the complexities of homelessness requires an exploration of the interconnected threads that shape the fabric of our lives. Social determinants of health, as defined by the American Medical Association, encompass the community-wide conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. Among these determinants, race, gender, and sexuality play pivotal roles in shaping housing outcomes.
African Americans and Indigenous people are disproportionately affected by homelessness, a consequence of historical and structural racism deeply embedded within societal systems. Despite comprising a smaller percentage of the general population, African Americans represent a significant majority of those experiencing homelessness, particularly among families with children. Similarly, the LGBTQ+ community faces heightened risks of homelessness, with studies indicating that LGBTQ+ adults are twice as likely as the general population to experience homelessness in their lifetime. Transgender individuals are especially vulnerable, with 8% experiencing homelessness within a single year. Moreover, LGBTQ+ youth often find themselves without stable housing after coming out to their families, contributing to the overrepresentation of LGBTQ+ individuals within the homeless population.
In honor of Pride Month and Juneteenth, this month’s blog will focus on the interplay between race, gender, sexuality, and housing instability. Read on to learn more:
Race and Homelessness
Recent research has highlighted the link between race and homelessness in the United States. A comprehensive data analysis conducted over an 11-year period from 2007 to 2017, as outlined in the Journal of Racial and Ethnic Disparities, reveals concerning trends: Black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander individuals and families consistently faced a higher likelihood of experiencing homelessness compared to their non-Hispanic White counterparts. These findings underscore the persistent and escalating nature of racial disparities in homelessness, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted interventions to address systemic inequities.
Similarly, insights from "Homelessness Is a Housing and Racism Problem" by Bill Pitkin underscore the intricate relationship between housing market dynamics, structural racism, and homelessness. Despite popular misconceptions attributing homelessness to individual vulnerabilities such as addiction and mental health issues, research instead indicates that housing market challenges - exacerbated by historical legacies of racism - play a pivotal role in driving homelessness rates. While racial composition alone does not entirely explain regional disparities in homelessness levels, structural racism deeply embedded within housing and social welfare systems perpetuates racial inequalities, amplifying the risk of housing insecurity among communities of color.
As efforts to combat homelessness continue to evolve, a multifaceted approach that not only addresses immediate housing needs but also confronts the root causes of racial disparities is required to bring the vision of housing justice grounded in equity and inclusivity to reality.
Gender, Sexuality and Homelessness
Furthermore, understanding the connection between gender, sexuality, and homelessness sheds light on the challenges faced by LGBTQIA+ individuals, particularly youth, who are disproportionately represented among the homeless population. Discrimination, harassment, and a lack of support services contribute to their vulnerability, often leading to rejection by families and subsequent homelessness.
Studies reveal alarming statistics: up to 40% of homeless youth identify as LGBTQIA+, and they are 120% more likely to experience homelessness than their non-LGBTQIA+ peers. These youth often face abuse and unsafe conditions in shelters, driving many to avoid them altogether. Discharge from foster care is a significant contributor to LGBTQIA+ youth homelessness, with studies showing high rates of homelessness post-discharge. Moreover, LGBTQIA+ homeless youth are more likely to engage in survival sex and face higher risks of victimization, mental health issues, and suicide attempts compared to their heterosexual peers.
Recognizing these challenges, efforts to support LGBTQIA+ individuals experiencing homelessness include LGBTQIA+ cultural sensitivity training for service providers, LGBTQIA+ inclusive shelters, and initiatives for LGBTQIA+ specific housing. The commitment to addressing the unique needs of LGBTQIA+ individuals facing homelessness extends beyond Pride Month, reflecting the need for a year-round commitment to cultural sensitivity and support.
Understanding the complex relationship between race, gender, sexuality, and homelessness underscores the need for action. As we mark Pride Month and Juneteenth, let’s move beyond reflection and take steps towards equity and justice by supporting policies that tackle systemic inequalities, backing initiatives offering culturally sensitive support, and elevating the voices of those most impacted. Together we can ensure everyone has a stable, safe place to call home.
Further Reading & Resources
2023 PHARE Funding Awarded to Chester County Partnership to End Homelessness Partner Organizations
The Partnership is excited to extend our heartfelt congratulations to our esteemed partner organizations for their well-deserved recognition and success in being awarded the 2023 Pennsylvania Housing Affordability and Rehabilitation Enhancement (PHARE) funding. Read this blog post to learn more about how PHARE helps address the housing affordability crisis, and how you can help increase the funding cap for this vital program.
In the ongoing battle against the affordable housing crisis, it is essential to acknowledge the remarkable achievements of organizations that work tirelessly towards creating safe and affordable homes for individuals and families in need.
The Partnership is excited to extend our heartfelt congratulations to our esteemed partner organizations for their well-deserved recognition and success in being awarded the 2023 Pennsylvania Housing Affordability and Rehabilitation Enhancement (PHARE) funding:
Home of the Sparrow: Apartment Subleases & Trauma-Informed Case Management for Justice-Involved Women
Friends Association for the Care and Protection of Children: Chester County Eviction Prevention Court (EPC); NIA House
Domestic Violence Center of Chester County: Homelessness Prevention for Victims and Survivors of Domestic Violence; Renovations to Housing for Domestic Violence Victims and Survivors
Kennett Area Community Service: Homelessness Prevention in Southern Chester County
Housing Partnership of Chester County: Housing Counseling Program
Housing Authority of the County of Chester: Housing Locator Program
W.C. Atkinson Memorial Community Service Center, Inc.: Individualized Intensive Case Management and Homelessness Prevention
Human Services, Inc.: Project Rehabilitation
Chester County Department of Community Development: Street Outreach and Data Team Reinforcement Efforts
Open Hearth, Inc.: Targeted Homelessness Resource Coordination
the Potential of PHARE Funding
In our communities, access to safe and affordable housing is a fundamental necessity that forms the bedrock of stable and vibrant neighborhoods. Unfortunately, Pennsylvania continues to grapple with a shortage of affordable housing options, leaving countless individuals and families without a place to call home.
One essential tool that has proven effective in addressing this crisis is the Pennsylvania Housing Affordability and Rehabilitation Enhancement (PHARE) fund. However, the current funding cap imposed on PHARE significantly limits its impact. It is crucial for us to raise awareness about the urgent need to raise the PHARE funding cap and harness the full potential of this invaluable resource. Let's delve into the importance of PHARE and the benefits of raising the funding cap.
Understanding The PHARE Cap
The Pennsylvania Housing Affordability and Rehabilitation Enhancement (PHARE) program was established to address the shortage of affordable housing in the state. It provides vital funding to support various initiatives, including rental and down payment assistance, housing rehabilitation, and neighborhood revitalization. PHARE grants enable local communities, nonprofits, and developers to create affordable housing opportunities and improve the quality of life for countless Pennsylvanians.
While PHARE has made significant strides in combating the housing crisis, its impact remains constrained due to the funding cap imposed on the program. The current cap limits the allocation of funds to a mere $25 million annually. Given the magnitude of the housing challenges faced by the state, this cap restricts the program's potential to create lasting change. As demand for affordable housing continues to grow, raising the PHARE funding cap becomes imperative.
Why Raise the Funding Cap?
Increased Availability of Affordable Housing: Raising the funding cap would enable PHARE to support a greater number of affordable housing projects, helping to alleviate the severe shortage experienced by individuals and families across Pennsylvania. More funds mean more homes and more opportunities for those in need.
Neighborhood Revitalization and Economic Growth: Affordable housing is a catalyst for neighborhood revitalization and economic growth. By raising the funding cap, PHARE can invest in initiatives that not only provide affordable homes but also improve infrastructure, create jobs, and enhance the overall livability of communities.
Strengthening Local Communities: PHARE funds are distributed to local communities, nonprofits, and developers who understand the unique housing challenges of their regions. By raising the funding cap, we empower these entities to address specific needs, foster partnerships, and implement innovative solutions tailored to their communities' requirements.
Long-term Cost Savings: Investing in affordable housing now can lead to substantial cost savings in the long run. Stable housing reduces the strain on emergency shelters, hospitals, and other public services, ultimately saving taxpayer dollars.
How Can You Make a Difference?
Share this blog post, along with the PHARE Raise the Cap fact sheet (available at https://housingalliancepa.org/resources/phare-raise-the-cap-fact-sheet/), through social media, email, or community newsletters. Encourage others to educate themselves about the importance of raising the PHARE funding cap. You can also engage with organizations dedicated to affordable housing advocacy, such as the Housing Alliance of Pennsylvania (https://housingalliancepa.org/). By joining these groups, you can amplify your impact and contribute to a statewide movement for change.
The Relationship Between Poverty and Homelessness Among Older Adults
Poverty affects older adults differently than other groups because they are more vulnerable to economic instability when their physical health, cognitive abilities, and social networks decline. The National Alliance to End Homelessness outlines how poverty and homelessness are connected for older adults.
Income and Housing Affordability
Low-income households are typically unemployed or underemployed due to a number of factors, such as a challenging labor market; limited education; a gap in work history; a criminal record; unreliable transportation or unstable housing; poor health or a disability. For those who are low-income but employed, wages have been stagnant and have not kept pace with expensive housing costs. The National Alliance to End Homelessness outlines how income and housing affordability are connected.
Stop Keeping Tenants Out in the Cold Because of the Source of Their Income
Shriver Center on Poverty Law shares how source of income discrimination disproportionately affects people of color, women, and people with disabilities.
Out of Reach 2021
Out of Reach documents the significant gap between renters’ wages and the cost of rental housing across the United States. The report’s central statistic, the Housing Wage, is an estimate of the hourly wage a full-time worker must earn to afford a modest rental home at HUD’s fair market rent (FMR) without spending more than 30% of his or her income on housing costs, the accepted standard of affordability.
Out of Reach documents the significant gap between renters’ wages and the cost of rental housing across the United States. The report’s central statistic, the Housing Wage, is an estimate of the hourly wage a full-time worker must earn to afford a modest rental home at HUD’s fair market rent (FMR) without spending more than 30% of his or her income on housing costs, the accepted standard of affordability.
Students Experiencing Homelessness in Pennsylvania: New Evidence of Under-Identification and Inequity
Pennsylvania schools have a history of under-identification. In this brief, Research for Action provides some evidence of improvement in identification of students experiencing homelessness in PA; however, rates vary by school community and Pennsylvania overall ranks only 36th out of 50 states in identification of students experiencing homelessness per school-aged children in poverty.
ALICE in Pennsylvania: A Financial Hardship Study
This body of research provides a framework, language, and tools to measure and understand the struggles of a population called ALICE — an acronym for Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed. ALICE represents the growing number of households in our communities that do not earn enough to afford basic necessities. Partnering with United Ways, nonprofits, academic institutions, corporations, and other state organizations, this research initiative provides data to stimulate meaningful discussion, attract new partners, and ultimately inform strategies for positive change. Read more about ALICE in Chester County
This body of research provides a framework, language, and tools to measure and understand the struggles of a population called ALICE — an acronym for Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed. ALICE represents the growing number of households in our communities that do not earn enough to afford basic necessities. Partnering with United Ways, nonprofits, academic institutions, corporations, and other state organizations, this research initiative provides data to stimulate meaningful discussion, attract new partners, and ultimately inform strategies for positive change.